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Human Labelled Test Dataset

A golden set is the set of data points that is the most representative of your real-life production data, which are human-labelled according to the definition of the metric. A golden test set is crucial for robust model development and evaluation. It serves as the single source of truth against which all model performance is measured.

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Required dataset format

Source data can come from a CSV file or a Hugging Face dataset. Each row should represent one example. The required columns depend on metric.input_format. Note that all datasets must have a label column for the ground-truth label Read more: Data generation metric input types, Data generation metric output types, Training metric input types, and Training metric output types.

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Metrics with 1 input (single)

  • Example: toxicity, sexism, prompt_injection
  • Dataset must contain exactly one feature column, for example ["input"]

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Metrics with 2 or more inputs (tuple)

  • Example: instruction_adherence
  • Dataset must contain exactly two or more feature columns, for example ["input", "output"]

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RAG based metrics (rag)

  • Example: context_adherence, context_relevance, chunk_relevance
  • Dataset must include documents column
  • Dataset must also include at least one of input or output column

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Agentic metrics (span_with_tools)

  • Example: tool_selection_quality
  • Dataset columns must be exactly ["tools", "input", "output"]

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Advanced formats

trace and session formats are only supported in label_only_mode or when you skip data generation and proceed directly to training. Labels should be manually assigned and should match the exact metric definition you want to train or evaluate.

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Required dataset size

As a rule of thumb:
  • 300-500 samples is a good minimal size for the test set
  • aim for at least 100 examples per class where possible
Try to keep the class distribution reasonably balanced so evaluation results are meaningful across classes.

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Training dataset guidance

If you already have a labelled / unlabelled training dataset, a strong target for fine-tuning is around 4,000 total labelled samples. The class distribution should be similar to your test set class distribution, but make sure it is NOT extremely skewed (for example, 99/1). If you do not have enough training data, synthetic generation can help create training examples before fine-tuning.

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LLM-as-judge prompt

This can either be a preset metric or a custom metric which you can create using Galileo. More can be found here: Custom LLM-as-judge metrics - Galileo It is important to ensure that the LLMAJ has a high accuracy on your golden dataset. If it doesn’t, you should tune the prompt (either manually or using Autotune in Galileo), to get to a high accuracy before creating a Luna metric. This ensures that for Luna fine-tuning we’re starting with a good understanding of the metric, avoiding garbage-in, garbage-out situations.